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  • How to score better marks in physics class 12 physics

    How to score better marks in physics class 12 physics

    How to score better marks in physics class 12 physics

    To download latest physics sample paper click here-

    CBSE Class 12 Physics Board Exam: Smart Strategy to Score Better Marks in physics.

    In this blog Physics by Nayan Jha going to tell you, about the smart strategy to score better in  physics class 12th board examination.

    Class 12th Physics Board Examination is not only about studying for long hours; it is about studying with the right strategy, proper revision and consistent practice. Many students understand the concepts but lose marks because of incomplete preparation, calculation mistakes, poor time management and lack of practice in objective-type questions.

    With the right approach, Physics can become one of the scoring subjects in the CBSE Board Examination.

    1. Make a Realistic Study Schedule

    Students should focus on quality study hours rather than simply counting the number of hours.Try to study Physics for around 2–3 focused hours every day, depending on your overall timetable and preparation level.A simple daily routine can be:

    – 45–60 minutes: Concept revision

    – 45–60 minutes: Numerical and derivations

    – 30–45 minutes: Objective questions

    – 15–20 minutes: Quick revision of formulas

    Consistency is more important than studying for 8–10 hours on one day and then taking a long break.

    2. Give Special Attention to Objective Questions

    To download the important objective class12th click here-

    The pattern of board examinations has increasingly placed importance on conceptual and application-based questions. Therefore, students should not prepare Physics only by solving long-answer questions.

    Practice regularly:

    – MCQs

    – Assertion-Reason questions

    – Case Study-based questions

    – Competency-based questions

    – Numerical-based MCQs

    – Statement-based questions

    Physics by Nayan Jha Suggestion:

    Don’t wait until the last few days to start objective preparation. Solve a small set of objective questions every day.

    3. Understand the Concept Before Memorising the Formula

    Physics is not a subject where memorising formulas alone is enough.

    Before using a formula, understand:

    What does the formula represent?

    When can it be used?

    What are the units of each quantity?

    What happens when one variable changes?

    This approach is particularly useful for MCQs, Assertion-Reason and application-based questions.

    4. Make a Chapter-wise Formula Sheet

    Prepare a separate formula sheet for every chapter.

    For example, revise:

    – Important formulas

    – SI units

    – Dimensions

    – Graphs

    – Important laws

    – Important definitions

    – Special cases

    – Frequently used relations

    Revise these sheets regularly instead of opening the entire textbook every time.

    5. Don’t Ignore NCERT

    For CBSE Board preparation, NCERT should remain one of the most important resources.

    Students should thoroughly study:

    – NCERT theory

    – Important definitions

    – Diagrams

    – Examples

    – Derivations

    – Numerical problems

    – Tables and graphs

    After completing NCERT, move towards sample papers and additional practice questions.

    6. Practice Numericals Every Day

    Many students understand the theory but lose marks in numerical questions because they do not practice enough.

    While solving a numerical, follow this sequence:

    Given → Formula → Substitution → Calculation → Final Answer with Unit

    Also pay attention to:

    – Sign conventions

    – SI units

    – Powers of 10

    – Significant figures where applicable

    – Direction of vectors

    Regular numerical practice improves both speed and accuracy.

    7. Prepare Important Derivations

    Do not leave derivations for the last week.

    Prepare the important derivations chapter-wise and practise writing them without looking at the book.

    While writing a derivation:

    1. Start with the relevant law or principle.

    2. Write the required equation.

    3. Show the mathematical steps clearly.

    4. Draw the diagram wherever required.

    5. Highlight the final result.

    A neat and logically arranged answer makes your solution easier to evaluate.

    8. Solve Sample Papers and Previous Questions

    Once you have completed the syllabus, start solving full-length papers under examination conditions.

    Try to complete the paper within the prescribed time.

    After every paper, analyze :

    – Which questions were wrong?

    – Which concepts were weak?

    – Where did you lose time?

    – Were there calculation mistakes?

    – Did you leave any question incomplete?

  • Physics class12th sample paper 2026-2027

    Physics class12th sample paper 2026-2027

    The newly launched CBSE Sample Question Papers (SQPs) for the 2026–27 academic session (meant for the 2027 Class 12 board exams) carry a few specific characteristics and properties aimed at guiding your exam preparation:

    1. No Change in the Assessment Pattern, A major property of this year’s sample papers is structural stability. Every official document carries a clear line stating that there is no change in the Question Paper Design and Assessment Pattern compared to the previous academic session. The passing criteria also remain identical, requiring students to score at least 33% to pass a subject.

    2. High Weightage on Competency-Based Questions . The core testing property follows the modern CBSE framework, heavily prioritizing concept-oriented, analytical, and intelligence-based competency questions. Instead of encouraging rote memorization , these papers evaluate how well you can apply textbook formulas and concepts to real-world or case-based scenarios.

    3. Blueprint to the Real Exam Structure The sample papers act as an exact mirror for how your final boards will be formatted. For instance: Science stream papers (like Physics or Chemistry) typically feature 33 compulsory questions spread across five distinct sections for a maximum of 70 marks. Mathematics papers feature 38 questions for 80 marks, incorporating a heavy chunk of standard MCQs, Assertion-Reason pairings, and case-study sections.

    4. Direct Pairing with Official Marking Schemes (MS)Every single sample paper released on the CBSE Academic Website has a corresponding Marking Scheme (MS) document. This acts as a step-by-step evaluation guide, explicitly demonstrating how answers must be framed and structured to score full marks in the actual exam. If you are preparing for a specific class or stream, let me know: Are you looking for  Class 12 sample papers?

    To download the pdf of physics sample paper class 12th 2026-27 click here-

    To download the solution of the sample paper class-12th with marking scheme click here-

  • Objective class 12th Book part-1

    Objective class 12th Book part-1

    Introduction to Objective Physics for Class 12
    “Objective Physics” by Nayan Jha meets the demand for objective questions in Class 12 Physics exams.
    Key Features of This Book:
    Comprehensive Question Types:
    Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) with answers,
    Assertion–Reason Questions with answers,
    Case Study Based Questions with answers,
    Focus on Conceptual Understanding: Each question enhances students’ conceptual understanding of Physics.
    Problem-Solving Skill Development: The book strengthens students’ ability to solve various Physics problems.
    Detailed Solutions:
    Every question includes a detailed solution.
    Solutions explain the correct answer and underlying Physics principles.
    Target Audience and Benefits:
    This book is for:
    Class 12th Board Examination Preparation: It offers effective preparation for board exams.
    NEET and JEE Aspirants: Concept-based questions benefit students preparing for NEET and JEE.
    How This Book Helps Students:
    Chapter-wise Practice: Chapter-organized questions allow students to assess preparation and identify improvement areas.
    Beyond Memorization: The aim is to foster deeper understanding, helping students understand concepts, learn applications, and build confidence in solving objective questions.
    Author’s Philosophy:
    “Concepts + Practice = Success — Your Success is My Mission.”
    — Nayan Jha
    Physics by Nayan Jha

    To download the complete book (pdf) click here-

  • What is String theory?

    What is String theory?

    What is string theory? Simple explanation of string theory in physics

    Now these days as the need of science increasing , the students are excited to know about the  universe, , related to the atomic and sub atomic particles. String theory is one of them .

    Now in this block we will discuss about the one of the most excited and fundamental concept of physics, known as the string theory.

    String theory is a theory in modern physics that tries to explain what the smallest building blocks of the universe really are.

    Questions may be asked on the basis of string theory which are –

    (i) How does a string produces particles?

    (ii)What are the purpose of string theory?

    (iii) Why extra dimensions involved ?

    (iv) Is the string theory proven ?

    String theory is a proposed framework in physics that tries to explain the fundamental particles and forces of nature—including gravity—within one mathematical theory.

    The central idea is surprisingly simple: instead of treating fundamental particles as infinitely small points, string theory proposes that they are tiny, one-dimensional vibrating strings.

    Normally we think of particles such as electron ,quarks as point like particles. But according to string theory ,at most fundamental level these particle may actually be made of extremely small , one dimensional objects called ‘string’.

    Different ways a string vibrates would appear to us as different particles. You can think of it somewhat like a guitar string: one string can produce different notes depending on how it vibrates. In string theory, one vibration might behave like an electron, another like a photon, and another like a different particle.

    One reason physicists are interested in string theory is that it naturally produces a particle with the properties expected of the graviton, the hypothetical quantum particle associated with gravity. This makes string theory a candidate for reconciling quantum mechanics with general relativity, two extremely successful theories that are difficult to combine under extreme conditions such as the interiors of black holes or the very early universe.

    There are some unusual consequences. Most versions require more dimensions than the four we experience (three dimensions of space plus time). Superstring theories generally require 10 space time dimensions, with the additional dimensions thought to be curled up at extremely small scales. A broader framework called M-theory involves 11 dimensions and also includes higher-dimensional objects called branes.

    The major problem is that string theory has not been experimentally confirmed. The characteristic scales involved are thought to be far beyond what current particle accelerators can directly probe, and the theory allows many possible ways for the extra dimensions to be arranged. Consequently, string theory remains an active but speculative area of theoretical physics rather than an experimentally established description of nature.

    In one sentence: string theory proposes that everything—from electrons to the particles associated with forces—ultimately arises from different vibrations of extraordinarily tiny strings.

  • Similarities Between the Rigveda and Science

    Before reading this blog, I would like to inform you all that the views expressed here are based on my own understanding and knowledge. Your perspective may differ from mine.

    (Nayan Kumar Jha)

    The Rigveda contains certain material that can be viewed in the context of the history of modern science. However, an important point should be kept in mind: it would not be correct to describe the Rigveda as a textbook of Physics, Chemistry, or Biology in the modern sense. According to scholars, it contains observations of nature and numerical and astronomical references, along with primarily religious, poetic, and philosophical ideas.

    1. The Origin of the Universe — The Nasadiya Sukta

    One of the most fascinating examples is Rigveda 10.129, commonly known as the Nasadiya Sukta. It raises profound questions about the origin of creation.

    The opening conveys the idea:

    «“Then, there was neither existence nor non-existence…”»

    The hymn asks whether there was the sky, the atmosphere, or anything else at that time. Towards the end, it raises a profound question about how creation actually came into existence—and whether anyone can truly know the answer.

    This is interesting in relation to modern cosmology because both approach the origin of the universe as a fundamental question. However, it would not be scientifically correct to describe the Nasadiya Sukta as a direct description of the Big Bang Theory.

    The modern Big Bang model is based on mathematical models, astronomical observations, and physical evidence, whereas the Nasadiya Sukta presents a philosophical exploration of the origin of existence.

    2. Astronomy

    The Rigveda contains numerous references to the Sun, dawn (Ushas), stars, and celestial phenomena. According to an official Government of India portal related to Sanskrit, the Rigveda holds an important place among the early references to astronomical thought in India.

    However, an important distinction should be made here:

    Observation of the sky → Beginning of scientific curiosity

    Modern astronomy → Mathematics + Measurement + Observation + Testing

    Therefore, the two should not be considered exactly the same.

    3. Mathematics and Numbers

    The Rigveda contains numerous numerical expressions. According to historian Takao Hayashi, it would not be appropriate to derive fully developed mathematical theories from the Rigveda. However, it does contain scattered references related to whole numbers, fractions, and simple geometric forms.

    These references are interesting from the perspective of the history of mathematics, although they should not be interpreted as equivalent to modern mathematical theory.

    4. The Most Important Aspect — The Spirit of Scientific Thinking

    In my opinion, the most interesting aspect of the Rigveda from the perspective of science is not merely any particular “scientific fact,” but the willingness to ask questions.

    In the Nasadiya Sukta, the poet openly asks who truly knows the origin of creation. It reflects a form of epistemic humility—the ability to acknowledge what we do not know.

    This attitude is particularly interesting from the perspective of scientific thinking because science itself progresses by asking questions, examining evidence, testing ideas, and accepting uncertainty where evidence is insufficient.

    Conclusion

    Therefore, saying that modern scientific theories are directly written in the Rigveda would be an exaggeration.

    However, the Rigveda certainly contains serious observations and questions concerning the universe, nature, sky, time, numbers, and existence. This makes it an important subject for studying the history of human thought and the development of scientific curiosity.

    The Rigveda may not be a modern science textbook, but it demonstrates that human beings have been asking profound questions about the universe and existence for thousands of years.

    — Physics Classes by Nayan Jha 

  • AI or Artificial intelligence

    In this blog we will know what is AI or artificial intelligence ?

    AI or artificial intelligence ,

    It refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines. These machines are programmed to think , learn , Do  analysis  and take decisions as a man does .

    AI can used in the following forms-

    1. Machine learning (ML) ; In this form machine learn from data given to it and improve it with time without clearly  programmed .

    2.Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enables machines to understand and respond to human language.

    3.Computer Vision: Allows machines to interpret and analyze visual information from the world.

    3. Robotics: Combines AI with physical machines to perform tasks in the real world.

    In short, AI helps machines do tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as recognizing speech, playing games, recommending products, or even driving cars.

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  • Test NEET /JEE Chapter 1 -4 (class 11th)

    ( chapter 1 -4 class 11th)

    There are 20 questions in this question paper. Students have to solve it in 25 minutes only .

    Test NEET/JEE (ch-1,2,3,4)

    1. A  new system of units is proposed in which unit of mass is A kg . unit of length is B kg and unit of time is C s , What will be the value of 5 j in new system?

    (a) 5AB2C-2 (b) 5A-1B-2C2 (c) 5 A-2 B-1 C-2 (d) 5 A-1 B-1 C2

    2. If linear momentum P , area A and  time t is taken as fundamental units then the dimensional formula of  energy is (a) P1 A-1 t-1  (b) P2 A1 t1   (c) P1 A-1/2 t1   (d) P1 A1/2 t-1.

    3.  If E , m,L  and G denotes energy , mass , length and gravitational constant then the ( EL2 /m5G2) has the dimension of   (a) mass (b) length (c) time (d) angle.

    4. The period of oscillation of time period T is 2π(l/g)1/2 measured value of l is 10 cm is known as 1mm accuracy ant time for 100 0scillations of the pendulum is found to be 50 s using a wrist watch of 1s resolution . What is the accuracy in the measurement of g ?

    (a)2% (b) 3% (c) 4% (d) 5% .

    5. Two resistors of resistance R1=100+-3 Ohm R2=200+-4 Ohm then the equivalent resistance of parallel combination is (a) 66.7 +-1.8  (b) 66.7+- 4  (c) 66.7+-3  (d)66.7+-7 Ohm.

    6. A cube has a side of length 1.2 x 10-2 its volume upto correct significant figure is (a) 1.7×10 -6 (b) 1.73×10 -6 (c) 1.78×10 -6(d) 1.732×10 -6.

    7. T he position of the object moving along x-axis is given by x= a+bt2, where a=8.5 b=2.5 and t is measured in seconds. The average velocity of the object between t=2s to t=4 s  in m/s  is (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20 .

    8. A player throw a ball vertically upwards with velocity u at highest pint , (a) both velocity and acceleration are zero (b) The velocity of the ball is u and acceleration is zero (c)The velocity of the ball is 0 but acceleration is g (d) the velocity of the ball is u and acceleration is g .

    9. If a lift is moving upward with velocity 5m/s a girl throw a ball upward with speed 50m/s the ball will returns on her hand in time (a)5s (b)10s (c) 15s (d) 20s.

    10. A boy sliding on the smooth inclined plane requires 4 s to reach on the ground starting from rest from the top . How much time will it take to cover one fourth the distance starting from rest at the top?

    (a) 1s (b) 4s (c)2s (d)16s .

    11. A particle is released from rest from a tower of height 3h . the ratio of the intervals of time to cover three equal heights h is (a) t1:t2: t3 = 3:2:1 (b) t1:t2: t3 =1: (√2-1)(:√3-2) (c) t1:t2: t3 =√3:√2:1 (d) t1:t2: t3 = 1:√2-1): (√3-√2).

    12. A ball A is thrown upward  with velocity u  at the same time another ball B is released from rest at height H,  at time t the speed of A relative to B is (a) u (b) u-2gt (c) (u2-2gh)1/2 (d)u-gt.

    13. A vehicle travel half the distance L with speed V1 and other half with speed V2 then its average speed is , (a) (V1 + V2)/2 (B) (2V1+V2)/V1+ V2 (C) 2V1V2/V1+V2 (D) L(V1+ V2)/V1V2 .

    14. Two vectors    and A+B = C then A and B are (a) parallel (b) perpendicular (c) anti-parallel (d) null vector.

    15. If resultant of two equal vectors is equal to the either forces Then the angle between these two vectors is ,(a) 900 (b) 1200 (c) 600 (d) 300

    16. if dot product  of two vectors   is null vector then the angle between these two vectors is   (a) 0 (b) 1200 (c) 900 (d) 450 .

    17. If  then  then which of the following statement is  correct ( a) vector A is perpendicular to  vector B (b) vector A is parallel to vector C (c) vector b is parallel to vector C (D) vector A is perpendicular to vector C .

    18.Two vectors  magnitude of A,B and C are 3,5,4 respectively then  (a)the angle between A and B is 900 . angle between A and C is 900. (c) angle between B and C is 900(d) angle between A and B is 00.

    19. If unit vector of a vector is represented as 0.5  – 0. 8  +c  then the value of c is (a) √0.01  (b) √0.11  (c) √0.39 (d)  1.

    20. The component of a vector A is along X-axis will have maximum value if (a)vector A is along positive Y axis   (b)vector A along positive x-axis  (c) vector A makes angle 450 with the x-axis  (d) A is along negative X aixis.

  • How to select coaching center for JEE and NEET

    Physics classes by Nayan jha provoding information ,How to select coaching centre for NEET and JEE

    Students/parents as you know these days most of the parent or students are looking to settle their child as quick as possible. And IIT (Indian institute of technology) and medical colleges like AIIMS play the great role to do so.

    As we know every student who appears for the 10th class exams has one big question about his life that which stream to select for further education. Once the decision for the stream is made, which is Science. Then next question is   medicine or engineering? The answer to this question marks the beginning of a dream career. Students can decide this based on what subject interests them. If students scores good  in NEET leads to admission to a good medical college, whereas a good score in IIT JEE will help students get admission to a reputed engineering college.

    Both the exams are national-level entrance exams and hold a lot of importance concerning students’ higher education. One more doubt that arises when deciding between the two is which exam is easier to crack. Now, and for this selection of good coaching center is required to score good marks to take the admission in reputed colleges, every student who appears for the 10th class exams has one question about which stream to select for further education. Once the decision for the stream is made, the stream is Science. The question that comes next is medicine or engineering? The answer to this question marks the beginning of a dream career. Students can decide this based on what subject interests them. A good score in NEET leads to admission to a good medical college, whereas a good score in IIT JEE will help students get admission to a reputed engineering college.

    Both the exams are national-level entrance exams and hold a lot of importance concerning students’ higher education. One more doubt that arises when and where should we join the coaching center or tuitions . Here is the answer – You just watch the video given below-

  • Syllabus class12th physics (Term-2) (2021-2022)

    Important questions of ray optics

    Physics classes by Nayan jha providing the syllabus for term -2 CBSE (physics)Examination ; guided by CBSE( Distribution of marks may change in some circumstances)

    CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus Term – 2 (2021-22)

    Time: 2hrs 

    Max Marks: 35

    SI. No.Chapter Namemarks
    Unit–VElectromagnetic Waves2-3
    Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves
    Unit–VIOptics14-15
    Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
    Chapter–10: Wave Optics 
    Unit–VIIDual Nature of Radiation and Matter4-5
    Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 
    Unit–VIIIAtoms and Nuclei6-7
    Chapter–12: Atoms
    Chapter–13: Nuclei
    Unit–IXElectronic Devices7
    Chapter–14: Semiconductor -Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
    Total35

     Unit (i – iv is provided for term-1 examination)

    Unit V: Electromagnetic waves   

    Chapter–8: Electromagnetic Waves 

    Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only). Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses. 

    Unit VI: Optics   

    Chapter–9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 

    Ray Optics: Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lensmaker’s formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, refraction of light through a prism. 

    Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. 

    Chapter–10: Wave Optics 

    Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens principle, reflection and refraction of plane waves at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. 

    Unit VII: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter  

    Chapter–11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 

    Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light. Experimental study of photoelectric effect Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation 

    Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei           

    Chapter–12: Atoms 

    Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. 

    Chapter–13: Nuclei 

    Composition and size of nucleus Nuclear force Mass-energy relation, mass defect, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion. 

    Unit IX: Electronic Devices  

    Chapter–14: Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 

    Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only) Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell. 

  • Practical chemistry for class 8/9/10th

    Practical chemistry for class 8/9/10th

    Practical chemistry for class 8/9/10th –

    Here physics classes by Nayan jha provide Practical chemistry for class 8/9/10th  whish is prepared by Rahul jha [Currently working with the St. Joseph School , Bhagalpur ( Bihar) , He is also the co-founder of QT classes bhagalpur  ] .

    What is electric charge ? and what are the properties of charge? To know -click here-

    These practical is totally based on ICSE/CBSE/ALL STATES BOARD .

    With the help of these notes, Practical chemistry for class 8/9/10th students can prepare the notes for their chemistry practical for their class examinations .

    S.No.                                            Name of the Experiment page
    1. To Identify HYDROGEN Gas 2
    2. To Identify OXYGEN Gas 3
    3. To Identify CARBON DIOXIDE  Gas 4
    4. To Identify SULPHER DIOXIDE  Gas 5
    5. To Identify HYDROGEN CHLORIDE  Gas 6
    6. To Identify AMMONIA Gas 7
    7. To Identify NITROGEN DIOXIDE Gas 8
    8. To Identify CHLORINE Gas 9
    9. To Identify HYDROGEN SULPHIDE Gas 10
    10. To Identify WATER VAPOUR

    (Experiments by Heating in a dry test tube)

    		 11

     

     What is electric current? to know  complete explanation about it -click here-

     

     Experiment No. 1

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Hydrogen gas

    No.           Experiment    Observation        Inference
    1 On zinc pieces few drops of dilute sulphuric acid is added A colourless, adourless, gas comes out Gas may be hydrogen
    2 Moist red and blue litmus paper are brought near the mouth of test tube There is no change Gas is neutral in nature
    3 A glowing Matchstick is brought Near the mouth of the  test tube It is put off with a pop sound Gas is hydrogen

     

    Reaction :   Zn+ H2SO4→Zn SO4+H2

     

    What is electric charge ? To know abot it click here-

    Experiment No. : 2

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Oxygen gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. Sodium Nitrate is heated strongly Colourless, odourless gas comes out Gas may be oxygen
    2. Moist blue and red litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube There is no change Gas is neutral in nature
    3. A glowing splinter is brought near the mouth of the test tube It glows more brightly Gas is oxygen
           

     

    Reaction: 2NaNO3    2Na NO2+O2

     

     

    Experiment No. : 3

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Carbon Dioxide gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. To the aqueous solution of sodium carbonate few drops of dil. Sulphuric acid is added Brisk effervescence is seen and a colourless, odourless gas comes out Gas may be carbon dioxide
    2. Moist blue and red litmus paper is brought near the test tube It turns red Gas is acidic in nature
    3. Gas is passed through lime water It turns milky Gas may be carbon dioxide
    4. An acidified potassium dichromate paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube There is no change Gas is carbon dioxide

     

    Reaction  :  Na2CO3+H2SO4     →      Na2SO4+H20+CO2

     

    Experiment No. 4

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Sulphur Dioxide gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. To the aqueous solution of sodium sulphite few drops of dil. Sulphuric acid is added A colourless gas with a pungent smell of burning sulphur comes out Gas may be sulphur dioxide
    2. A blue litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns red Gas is acidic in nature
    3. Gas is passed through lime water It turns milky Gas may be carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide
    4. An acidified potassium dichromate paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns green Gas is sulphur dioxide

     

    Reaction :Na2SO3+H2SO4→Na2SO4+H2O+SO2

     

     

    Experiment No. 5

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Hydrogen chloride gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. Sodium chloride is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid A colourless gas with a chocking odour comes out Gas may be hydrogen chloride
    2. Moist blue and red litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns red Gas is acidic in nature
    3. A glass rod dipped in concentrated ammonium hydroxide is brought near the mouth of the test tube Dense white fumes are seen Gas is Hydrogen chloride

     

    Reaction : NaCl +H2SO4   NaHSO4+HCl

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Experiment No. 6

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Ammonia gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. Ammonium chloride is gently warmed with sodium hydroxide A colourless gas with a strong pungent smell comes out Gas may be ammonia
    2. A moist red  litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns blue Gas is basic in nature
    3. A glass rod  dipped in concentrated hydrochloric acid is brought near the mouth of the test tube Dense white fumes are seen Gas is ammonia
    4. A cotton wool soaked in Nessler’s reagent is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns deep brown Gas is ammonia

     

    Reaction: NH4Cl +NaOH → NaCl +H2O +NH3

     

     

    Experiment No. : 7

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Nitrogen Dioxide gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. Copper turnings are heated Concentrated nitric acid Reddish brown colour gas comes out Gas may be Nitrogen dioxide
    2. A moist blue litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns red Gas is acidic in nature
    3. A starch iodide paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns blue-black Gas is nitrogen dioxide
    4. Potassium iodide paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns deep brown Gas is Nitrogen dioxide

     

    Reaction : Cu + 4HNO3        Cu(NO3)2+ 2H2O +2NO2

     

     

     

    Experiment No. : 8

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Chlorine  gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. A mixture of hydrogen chloride and manganese IV oxide is heated in a hard glass test tube with concentrated sulphuric acid A greenish yellow colour gas comes out Gas may be Chlorine
    2. A moist blue litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube First it turns deep brown and then bleached Gas is chlorine
    3. A starch iodide paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns blue-black Gas is chlorine

     

    Reaction : 2NaCl +3H2SO4+ MnO2  2NaHSO4 +MnSO4 + 2H2O+ Cl2

     

     

     

     

     

    Experiment No. : 9

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Hydrogen Sulphide gas

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. The aqueous solution of sodium sulphide few drops of dilute sulphuric acid is added A colourless gas with the smell of rotten egg comes out Gas may be hydrogen sulphide
    2. A filter  paper is dipped in red lead acetate and brought near the mouth of the test tube It turns silvery-black Gas is hydrogen sulphide gas

     

    Reaction : Na2S + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +H2S

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Experiment No. : 10

     

    Name of the Experiment : To Identify Water Vapour

    S.No. Experiment Observation Inference
    1. Blue crystals of copper sulphate is heated in a dry test tube A colourless, odourless, gas comes out and condenses on the colour part of the test tube form droplets of colourless liquid Liquid may be water
    2. A moist blue and red litmus paper is brought near the mouth of the test tube There is no change Liquid is neutral in nature

     
    3 Few drops of the colourless liquid is added to anhydrous copper II sulphate The white powder turns deep blue The residue or liquid is water

     

    Reaction : CuSO4. 5H2O             CuSO4 +5H2O

          Blue crystalline solid                 White anhydrous powder

     

     Rest practicals will be uploaded soon . 

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